7:27 AM 4/12/2020“More and more people compare it to HIV,” said the doctor who requested not to be named due to the sensitivity of the issue.

By Michael Novakhov (Mike Nova) April 12, 2020

https://tweetsandnews.blogspot.com/2020/04/more-and-more-people-compare-it-to-hiv.html
_____________________________________________________________

7:27 AM 4/12/2020 “More and more people compare it to HIV,” said the doctor who requested not to be named due to the sensitivity of the issue.

Coronavirus and HIV - GS | News

_____________________________________________

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Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harb... - PubMed - NCBI
Sunday April 12th, 2020 at 8:09 AM

PubMed New And Noteworthy

COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation.
Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov .
Get the latest research from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus.

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Cell Res. 2020 Apr;30(4):343-355. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0305-x. Epub 2020 Mar 30.

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion.

Xia S1, Liu M2,3, Wang C4, Xu W1, Lan Q1, Feng S4, Qi F5, Bao L5, Du L6, Liu S7, Qin C5, Sun F8, Shi Z2, Zhu Y9, Jiang S10,11, Lu L12.

Author information

1: Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
2: CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
3: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
4: State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
5: Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
6: Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
7: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
8: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
9: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. <a href="mailto:zhuyun@ibp.ac.cn">zhuyun@ibp.ac.cn</a>.
10: Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. <a href="mailto:shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn">shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn</a>.
11: Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA. <a href="mailto:shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn">shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn</a>.
12: Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan-Jinbo Joint Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. <a href="mailto:lul@fudan.edu.cn">lul@fudan.edu.cn</a>.

Abstract

The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China has posed a serious threat to global public health. To develop specific anti-coronavirus therapeutics and prophylactics, the molecular mechanism that underlies viral infection must first be defined. Therefore, we herein established a SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion assay and found that SARS-CoV-2 showed a superior plasma membrane fusion capacity compared to that of SARS-CoV. We solved the X-ray crystal structure of six-helical bundle (6-HB) core of the HR1 and HR2 domains in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein S2 subunit, revealing that several mutated amino acid residues in the HR1 domain may be associated with enhanced interactions with the HR2 domain. We previously developed a pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor, EK1, which targeted the HR1 domain and could inhibit infection by divergent human coronaviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Here we generated a series of lipopeptides derived from EK1 and found that EK1C4 was the most potent fusion inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 S protein-mediated membrane fusion and pseudovirus infection with IC50s of 1.3 and 15.8 nM, about 241- and 149-fold more potent than the original EK1 peptide, respectively. EK1C4 was also highly effective against membrane fusion and infection of other human coronavirus pseudoviruses tested, including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, as well as SARSr-CoVs, and potently inhibited the replication of 5 live human coronaviruses examined, including SARS-CoV-2. Intranasal application of EK1C4 before or after challenge with HCoV-OC43 protected mice from infection, suggesting that EK1C4 could be used for prevention and treatment of infection by the currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging SARSr-CoVs.

PMID:: 32231345
PMCID:: PMC7118126
DOI:: 10.1038/s41422-020-0305-x

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· · · · ·

Scientists discover coronavirus can kill immune cells usually used to fight off illness
Sunday April 12th, 2020 at 8:07 AM

Oh Dear… Something’s Wrong! | News.Com.Au — Australia’s #1 News Site

Scientists have made a discovery as they continue to research coronavirus, finding its cells have the ability to destroy the exact things that should be fighting it.

A team of researchers from Fudan University in Shanghai and the New York Blood Centre researched the virus’s ability to kill powerful immune cells – the exact things that are supposed to kill coronavirus.

The findings were published earlier this week in medical journal Cellular and Molecular Immunology and were in line with previous fears expressed by doctors that the virus could cause damage similar to what’s seen in HIV patients.

In their experiment, scientists attached the living COVID-19 virus onto lab-grown T cells.

T cells, or T lymphocytes, play an integral role in the body’s ability to find and destroy alien cells in the body.

Typically T cells are able to capture a cell infected by a virus, drill a hole into the cell and inject chemicals into its membrane that destroys both the virus and cell.

However in the researchers’ experiment, the T cells were instead taken “hostage” by coronavirus.

An electron microscope image of SARS-CoV-2 (round blue objects) emerging from the surface of cells cultured in a lab. Picture: National Institutes of Health/AFPSource:The Courier-Mail

According to the team of researchers, the T cells were effectively “prey” for coronavirus, which then disabled the lifesaving function of the cells.

A similar experiment was carried out on the deadly SARS virus, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, however that virus was unable to have the same effect on the body’s T cells.

As reported by the South China Morning Post, autopsy reports on more than 20 patients found extremely low T cell counts in people that had died from coronavirus.

The autopsy examinations found the patients had almost completely destroyed immune systems.

The scientists did note one main difference in their comparison between coronavirus and HIV.

In COVID-19 patients, coronavirus was not able to grow or generate more infected cells after latching onto T cells.

The new study comes less than a week after Australian researchers developed a rapid test to determine how immune a person would be to coronavirus.

Cell samples from some of the world’s coronavirus hotspots – including Italy, China and New York – in days.

Scientists will then be able to test how severe a person’s coronavirus could become and who is most likely to develop the illness.

"This and other tests like it will provide us with a more nuanced approach to managing the disease," lead researcher Associate Professor Menno van Zelm, from Monash University's Central Clinical School, said.

Read the whole story

· ·

Scientists discover coronavirus can kill immune cells usually used to fight off illness
Sunday April 12th, 2020 at 8:06 AM

CoronaVirus News Review In Brief

A team of researchers from Fudan University in Shanghai and the New York Blood Centre researched the virus's ability to kill powerful immune cells – ...

Coronavirus could attack immune system like HIV by targeting protective cells, warn scientists | South China Morning Post
Sunday April 12th, 2020 at 7:13 AM

Coronavirus could attack immune system like HIV by targeting protective cells, warn scientists

Researchers in China and the US find that the virus that causes Covid-19 can destroy the T cells that are supposed to protect the body from harmful invaders
One doctor said concern is growing in medical circles that effect could be similar to HIV

Coronavirus China

Stephen Chen in Beijing

Updated: 3:35pm, 12 Apr, 2020

The study suggests coronavirus can infect T cells. Photo: Shutterstock

The coronavirus that causes Covid-19 could kill the powerful immune cells that are supposed to kill the virus instead, scientists have warned.

The surprise discovery, made by a team of researchers from Shanghai and New York, coincided with frontline doctors’ observation that Covid-19 could attack the human immune system and cause damages similar to that found in HIV patients.

Lu Lu, from Fudan University in Shanghai, and Jang Shibo, from the New York Blood Centre, joined the living virus, which is officially known as Sars-CoV-2, on laboratory-grown T lymphocyte cell lines.

T lymphocytes, also known as T cells, play a central role in identifying and eliminating alien invaders in the body.

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They do this by capturing a cell infected by a virus, bore a hole in its membrane and inject toxic chemicals into the cell. These chemicals then kill both the virus and infected cell and tear them to pieces.

Deadly coronavirus comes in three variants, researchers find

12 Apr 2020

To the surprise of the scientists, the T cell became a prey to the coronavirus in their experiment. They found a unique structure in the virus’s spike protein that appeared to have triggered the fusion of a viral envelope and cell membrane when they came into contact.

The virus’s genes then entered the T cell and took it hostage, disabling its function of protecting humans.

The researchers did the same experiment with severe acute respiratory syndrome, or Sars, another coronavirus, and found that the Sars virus did not have the ability to infect T cells.

The reason, they suspected, was the lack of a membrane fusion function. Sars, which killed hundreds in a 2003 outbreak, can only infect cells carrying a specific receptor protein known as ACE2, and this protein has an extremely low presence in T cells.

Further investigations to the coronavirus infection on primary T cells would evoke “new ideas about pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic interventions,” the researchers said in a paper published in the peer-reviewed journal Cellular & Molecular Immunology this week.

T-cells attack harmful cells, such as cancers. Photo: Shutterstock

A doctor, who works in a public hospital treating Covid-19 patients in Beijing, said the discovery added another piece of evidence to a growing concern in medical circles that the coronavirus could sometimes behave like some of the most notorious viruses that directly attack the human immune system.

“More and more people compare it to HIV,” said the doctor who requested not to be named due to the sensitivity of the issue.

In February, Chen Yongwen and his colleagues at the PLA’s Institute of Immunology released a clinical report warning that the number of T cells could drop significantly in Covid-19 patients, especially when they were elderly or required treatment in intensive care units. The lower the T cell count, the higher the risk of death.

Covid-19 virus can produce more than thrice as many pathogens than Sars strain

12 Apr 2020

This observation was later confirmed by autopsy examinations on more than 20 patients, whose immune systems were almost completely destroyed, according to mainland media reports.

Coronavirus: pandemic hits a grim milestone as Covid-19 deaths worldwide surpass 100,000

Doctors who had seen the bodies said the damage to the internal organs was similar to a combination of Sars and Aids.

The gene behind the fusion function in Sars-CoV-2 was not found in other coronaviruses in human or animals.

But some deadly human viruses such as Aids and Ebola have similar sequences, prompting speculation that the novel coronavirus might have been spreading quietly in human societies for a long time before causing this pandemic.

Volunteers needed for second phase of China coronavirus vaccine trial

10 Apr 2020

But there was one major difference between Sars-CoV-2 and HIV, according to the new study.

HIV can replicate in the T cells and turn them into factories to generate more copies to infect other cells.

But Lu and Jiang did not observe any growth of the coronavirus after it entered the T-cells, suggesting that the virus and T-cells might end up dying together.

The study gives rise to some new questions. For instance, the coronavirus can exist for weeks on some patients without causing any symptoms. How it interacted with the T cells in these patients remained unclear.

Some critically ill patients also experienced cytokine storms, where the immune system overreacts and attacks healthy cells.

But why and how the coronavirus triggers that remains poorly understood.

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6:10 PM 4/11/2020 - The wildlife trade caused coronavirus, and a vaccine can't fix it | Study: 8% of recovered coronavirus patients didn't develop antibodies
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 6:33 PM

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Michael Novakhov - SharedNewsLinks℠: Study: 8% of recovered coronavirus patients didn't develop antibodies

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A new study of recovered coronavirus patients found that patients develop different levels of antibodies to the virus.
Ten patients of the 130 studied — 8% — didn't have any detectable coronavirus antibodies in their systems.
The study found that elderly and middle-aged people developed higher levels of antibodies.
Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.

A new study from Chinese scientists on 130 recovered COVID-19 patients is raising questions about the extent to which people develop immunity to the virus.
The paper — a pre-print that has not been peer-reviewed yet — found that patients produced differing levels of antibodies . Having identifiable coronavirus antibodies in your bloodstream means you've probably built up immunity. But roughly 8% of the patients studied didn't develop any detectable antibodies at all.
"What this will mean to herd immunity will require more data from other parts of the world," Huang Jinghe, the leader of the research team behind the report, said, according to the South China Morning Post.
Interestingly, the levels of antibodies patients produced seemed to correlate with their ages: Middle-aged and elderly recovered patients had higher levels of antibodies. Nine of the 10 of the patients who did not develop detectable levels of coronavirus antibodies were 40 years old or younger.
Finding out more about how antibodies to the virus work will have major implications for both vaccine development and the potential for herd immunity.

Measuring antibodies in recovered patients

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Study: 8% of recovered coronavirus patients didn't develop antibodies
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 5:39 PM

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A new study of recovered coronavirus patients found that patients develop different levels of antibodies to the virus.
Ten patients of the 130 studied — 8% — didn't have any detectable coronavirus antibodies in their systems.
The study found that elderly and middle-aged people developed higher levels of antibodies.
Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.

A new study from Chinese scientists on 130 recovered COVID-19 patients is raising questions about the extent to which people develop immunity to the virus.

The paper — a pre-print that has not been peer-reviewed yet — found that patients produced differing levels of antibodies . Having identifiable coronavirus antibodies in your bloodstream means you've probably built up immunity. But roughly 8% of the patients studied didn't develop any detectable antibodies at all.

"What this will mean to herd immunity will require more data from other parts of the world," Huang Jinghe, the leader of the research team behind the report, said, according to the South China Morning Post.

Interestingly, the levels of antibodies patients produced seemed to correlate with their ages: Middle-aged and elderly recovered patients had higher levels of antibodies. Nine of the 10 of the patients who did not develop detectable levels of coronavirus antibodies were 40 years old or younger.

Finding out more about how antibodies to the virus work will have major implications for both vaccine development and the potential for herd immunity.

Measuring antibodies in recovered patients

The study, from researchers from Fudan University in Shanghai, took blood samples from 175 coronavirus patients who had recovered at Shanghai hospitals and who'd had "mild" symptoms. (Patients with "severe" symptoms were excluded because many had received blood transfusions to treat their illnesses.)

The participants ranged in age from 16 to 68, and the scientists grouped them into three categories: elderly (60-85), middle-aged (40-59), and young (15-39).

They found that the patients developed antibodies around 10 to 15 days after the disease's onset and remained stable afterwards.

The researchers measured the levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in each patient's blood, and found that recovered elderly patients developed significantly higher levels of antibodies than younger patients did. But there was no difference between the lengths of the patients' hospital stays.

"These results indicated that high level of NAbs might be useful to clear the viruses and helpful for the recovery of elderly and middle-age patients," the authors wrote.

The virus seems to be more fatal for older people. In the US, patients 65 and older are seeing the highest rates of death and serious illness, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Not everyone developed antibodies

In the 10 patients in the study who did not develop detectable antibodies, "other immune responses, including T cells or cytokines, may contribute to the recovery," the researchers wrote.

T cells are a type of white blood cells that aid in immune response, and cytokines are a type of molecule that cells release to fight infections. However, when too many cytokines are released, they cause inflammation — which has reportedly contributed to fatal outcomes in some COVID-19 patients.

Even in patients who do develop coronavirus antibodies, scientists still aren't sure how long they'll last; the virus has not been around long enough to study long-term effects.

Generally, once your body has antibodies to fight off a particular disease, you can't get it again, though some types of antibodies weaken over time. Plus, with viruses that mutate — such as the common cold or seasonal flu — antibodies people build up against one strain aren't effective against others

The possibility of reinfection and implications for vaccines

As the US looks to roll out antibody tests that could tell people whether they've already had the virus and developed immunity, the findings of the Shanghai study could be concerning.

But Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, has said it's unlikely that people would get the coronavirus more than once — at least within a short time period.

"If we get infected in February and March and recover, next September, October, that person who's infected — I believe — is going to be protected," Fauci said on Wednesday during a livestreamed conversation with Howard Bauchner, editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Over 375,000 people worldwide have recovered from the coronavirus (likely more, given that many mild and asymptomatic cases are not reported in official counts). Given that a third of the world is under some kind of lockdown, those who have recovered could potentially emerge and return to work first.

"Those are the people, when you put them back to particularly critical infrastructure jobs, that you worry less about them driving an outbreak than those who are antibody-negative and very likely have never been exposed," Fauci said.

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Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 3:16 PM

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2:32 PM 4/11/2020 - What Happens if Putin Gets Coronavirus?
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 2:36 PM

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WHO: Alarming Number of Health Workers at Risk of COVID-19
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 12:50 PM

Voice Of America - English

The World Health Organization is expressing alarm at the large number of health workers becoming infected by the deadly coronavirus. The U.N. health agency is appealing for international support to provide health workers with the supplies and other tools needed to keep them safe.

WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus says every single person has a role to play in ending this pandemic, which already has claimed more than 100,000 lives worldwide. Among the major players in this grisly drama are the frontline responders, the health care workers who tend to the sick and dying.

While they are putting their lives on the line to save others, Tedros says health workers are not getting the support they need to keep them safe.

CORRECTION - World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus attends a daily press briefing on… — FILE - World Health Organization (WHO) Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus is seen at a daily press briefing on the coronavirus, at the WHO headquarters, March 11, 2020, in Geneva.

“In some countries there are reports of up to 10% of health workers being infected. This is an alarming trend. When health workers are at risk, we are all at risk,” he said.

Tedros said some health workers become infected outside health facilities, in their homes or communities. But the majority are being infected within health facilities where they are exposed to the deadly virus throughout the day.

Many become sick, he said, because they are not sufficiently trained or lack experience in recognizing COVID-19, and dealing with respiratory pathogens. He added that long hours tending to sick patients and lack of rest also can weaken resistance to the virus.

“However, the evidence also shows that when health workers wear personal protective equipment the right way, infections can be prevented. That makes it even more important that health workers are able to access the masks, gloves, gowns and other PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) they need to do their jobs safely and effectively,” Tedros said.

A new United Nations Supply Chain Task Force has been set up to ease the equipment shortage. Tedros said the WHO and the World Food Program will be coordinating this effort.

He said the supply chain may need to cover more than 30 percent of the world’s needs in the acute phase of the pandemic. To meet this demand, he said, well over 100 million medical gowns and masks, respirators, diagnostic kits and other essential equipment will have to be shipped every month to areas most at risk.

The storing and shipping costs, he said, are about $280 million. He noted the cost of procuring these supplies will be much greater.

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Harvard epidemiologist says coronavirus pandemic is in early stage
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 12:34 PM

Dr. Marc Lipsitch, a Harvard epidemiologist, talks about coming stressors on the health care system from coronavirus and loosening control measures. USA TODAY

As daily coronavirus-related deaths reached new highs in New York and nationally, USA TODAY’s Editorial Board spoke last week with Dr. Marc Lipsitch, one of the nation’s leading epidemiologists, about the state of the pandemic. Lipsitch is a professor of epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and director of Harvard’s Center of Communicable Disease Dynamics. Questions and answers have been edited for length and clarity.

Q. What is the trajectory of the coronavirus, and where are we headed?

A. Assuming that we're detecting something like one-tenth of all the cases, or one-fifth or something like that, and assuming that protective immunity occurs after most cases, then we're near the beginning in the sense that most of the population in the country remains susceptible. The goal of the current set of restrictions is not to solve the problem, but rather to solve the acute problem of keeping the numbers of patients from exceeding health care capacity.

Q. Are the restrictions working to do that?

A. Some evidence is beginning to accumulate that we may be able to accomplish that in many places. New York is already near the maximum it can handle, and the question is whether it will come down. There's maybe some hint that's happening. And in other places we'll see whether it goes up more and then peaks in the next week or so, or whether it keeps on going up and exceeds capacity in various places.

Q. Then what?

A. If that works out well, then there's the big question of what do we do next? Because if we relax restrictions, as we saw in the 1918 pandemic, and as we've seen probably in China now, there's every reason to expect a resurgence of cases and we're back in the same problem. On the other hand, keeping these restrictions in place is economically disastrous. Under this scenario, we're in a dilemma, and I don't think anyone has found a good answer.

Q. So what do we do?

A. Some ideas out there are probably worth trying, including essentially trying to bring cases down in each locality to a point where they can be controlled individually. There is a contingent of people — a number of them at my university with whom I disagree very, very strongly — who are saying that we need to implement Chinese-style out-of-home mandatory quarantine and isolation as part of that response strategy for containment. The evidence that that is necessary is slim, and the evidence that it would be acceptable in the United States is nonexistent. But there is that view.

Q. Wuhan, the original epicenter, is opening up. Do you find China’s reported numbers — about 83,000 confirmed cases and 3,300 deaths — to be credible?

A. I don't think they're credible in terms of actual number of cases. And I don't think that they even captured all the deaths, because they probably missed deaths at home and things like that. There's clearly under-detection. Whether they were hiding things, I don't have any more insight, and probably less, than many of you.

Q. In the hot spots like Wuhan and northern Italy, 3% or 4% of the population had confirmed infections. But you and other epidemiologists talk about 40% or 70% of the entire population getting infected. Can you explain that gap?

A. There's a first wave, and then there's the whole epidemic. A lot of the confusion is premised on the misunderstanding that if you control the epidemic once, then you're done. There's no reason to think that.

Wuhan is starting to see resurgence of cases as they let up, and in 1918, we saw it all over the country as restrictions were lifted. So 40% or 70% is the number that you need to have immune before viral transmission stops on its own. The number that get infected under very intense control measures is the number that happened before those control measures fully take effect. Those are two different numbers.

Q. Do we know that if someone has been infected, they will be immune? And if we don't know that, how does this work in second and third waves?

A. We don't know that yet. We do know for other coronaviruses that there is a period of immunity that's partial but quite strong. The thing that matters for control of the epidemic is the proportion of the population that's immune, or at least immune enough so that they're not going to significantly transmit infection.

That's the number that we have to get high enough, either through vaccination or through infection.

Q. Could that number already be higher than we think?

A. One possibility is that there are just a huge number of undetected infections, many of which may produce immune responses. We may just have more “herd immunity” than we know. There are anecdotal hints about that, but no firm data yet. The flip side of it is that if some significant proportion of those infected don't get immune, then that subtracts from the immune fraction of the population. We really, really need serologic studies (to see if people have been infected and have antibodies).

Q. How protective is the immune response?

A. We and others are trying to study that, but that's actually kind of tricky to do. Someone will figure that out, but it will be a while.

Q. Do the nation's governors deserve the greatest amount of the credit so far for their decisive stay-at-home actions?

A. The Northeastern governors have been very aggressive. The Washington state governor has been very aggressive. The California governor has been very aggressive. And on the flip side, Texas and Florida, probably among others that are less notorious, have been quite a bit less aggressive. So I think the successes are not coming from a central source. The federal messaging has been confusing at best. So I would give a lot of credit to the governors who have been aggressive.

Q. How will we know when it is safe to discontinue stay-at-home orders?

A. That's a great question, and I think the serologic surveys will be critical in doing that, because that's a necessary piece of the puzzle to understand how many people have been infected. The second piece, once we have those serologic studies, is figuring out how protective immunity is. We don't know whether it will be possible to distinguish someone who is functionally immune from someone who has an immune response that's not that protective. We hope that it will be possible. But that's an open scientific question right now.

Social distancing matters. Here is how to do it and how it can help curb the COVID-19 pandemic. USA TODAY

Q. How long will it take to answer that question?

A. I hesitate to say this, because I understand that it's economically and otherwise not really acceptable, but from the standpoint of trying to keep cases under control, I don't see an answer coming until at least the next month or two about it being okay to reopen. There may also just be so much fatigue that places will try it, and then they'll see the consequences. … Waiting until the ICU is overwhelmed again is not a good policy. It is a disastrous policy.

Q. Do you know of a plan for these serologic surveys? Are you involved in that?

A. In a high-functioning environment, this would be mainly the project of the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). And I think that the CDC has begun to do, or at least plan, some of these surveys.

Q. How about the states?

A. I've been on a large team of really extraordinary people that are trying to do this in a comprehensive and strategic way. So I think Massachusetts will be one of the first. I think New York will be one of the first, and probably some other states that I don't know about.

Q. The CDC seems to be largely absent from the public communication effort. What effect does that have?

A. I think it's very unfortunate. I think Americans trust the CDC because they see the professionals there as apolitical and trustworthy and trying to protect health. I was there for a brief period in the 1990s, and I've worked with them since then, and that's what they are. Having filtered messages coming through politicians is much less trustworthy than having physicians and public health professionals telling what they know.

Q. Why is that?

A. The CDC, as a scientific organization, is well placed to say, “This is what we know, and this is what we don't know.” Politicians don't like saying what they don't know. Every crisis communication expert I've ever talked to says you need to hear both. People need to hear both, because then when the knowledge changes, it's not a surprise, and it doesn't feel like it's a reversal or something fishy going on. It's just scientific knowledge changing as definitely happens in a crisis like this.

Q. Polls show political differences in how people perceive the threat.

A. We're all vulnerable to the virus. It doesn't matter what party we vote for, or what church we go to or don't go to. It's a virus. And to the extent that people can get messages that are not mixed with politics, that's a whole lot better for helping them to protect themselves.

Q. What are the biggest unknowns?

A. To me, the enormous questions are about immunity. How much is there in the population now? How many of those people didn't even know they were infected? How protective is it? And then for the potential vaccine, how protective will immunity be? I think immunity is what's going to get us through to the other side. And that's the part that's still the biggest uncertainty.

Q. So how long will people have to hunker down?

A. It's not a scientific choice only. It's ultimately a political choice, and science is one input. I hope it's a very important input, but if a governor decides to lift these restrictions, there's not much that can be done other than to watch the consequences and kick the governor out. The question is, can we endure the consequences of them long enough either to get a vaccine or to let the cases accumulate more slowly so that we get towards herd immunity naturally? But that's a slow process.

Q. How important is testing capacity to the decision about reopening?

A. I think serologic testing capacity is probably even more important than viral testing capacity for making that decision. But viral testing capacity is going to be necessary for trying to control the infections that will inevitably spring up as restrictions are lifted.

Q. Does the country have the viral testing capacity that it needs?

A. Nowhere near. Nowhere near. I mean, it's been a debacle, and it's now almost what we need for the sickest patients and health care workers. But even locally here, there are intense shortages of swabs. If you can't swab people, then you don't have tests. It doesn't matter how good your machines are.

Q. Why has the testing rollout been so hapless?

A. It's partly hapless because there's not a strategy. Nobody has articulated, if we come out of these restrictions, how are we going to keep a lid on the cases that begin to emerge? And there are many challenges to doing that if you have good testing, but it's pretty clear that you can't do it if you don't have the testing.

Q. So how do you see things playing out?

A. If I had to make a prediction about how the interaction between social and scientific and public health factors will play out, I think there's going to be fatigue at some point. Some places are going to let up either after they've controlled the first peak or before they've controlled the first peak. Cases will reemerge, and because people are so tired of social distancing, it will take until the intensive care units are overwhelmed in that place to get people to crack down again, and then there will be some cycles of that. There are ways to try to avoid that, but they all involve this very long and destructive process of social distancing. It's easy to say as the public health person, this is what we need to do for public health. But I'm acutely aware that there are also other considerations, and I don't see a really good answer.

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How Ruby Princess cruise ship passengers became global super spreaders of coronavirus
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 11:41 AM

CoronaVirus News Review In Brief

In terms of the criminal investigation announced by NSW Police Commissioner Mick Fuller last week, Prof. Rothwell said it was predominantly a NSW ...

NIH looking for coronavirus survivors for immunity, vaccine study
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 11:04 AM

CoronaVirus News Review In Brief

The NIH needs volunteers who have been diagnosed with the coronavirus infection and recovered to donate blood for studies on the immune system, ...

Colorado meat packing plant with thousands of employees closed after coronavirus outbreak
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 11:02 AM

CoronaVirus News Review In Brief

Colorado meat packing plant with thousands of employees closed after coronavirus outbreak. By Steve Almasy and Raja Razek, CNN. Updated 9:26 PM ...

Crime drops around the world as coronavirus keeps people inside
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 10:18 AM

CoronaVirus News Review In Brief

CHICAGO — The coronavirus pandemic that has crippled big-box retailers and ... Officers are increasingly getting sick; the NYPD, the country's largest ...

Coronavirus: Morning update as UK daily death toll surpasses Italy and Spain's worst days
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 10:05 AM

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Coronavirus Pandemic: New Abwehr - Gerhard Schroeder plot to demilitarize North Korea of bioweapons as the step to reunification their current pet project? - Google Search
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 9:44 AM

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Online Exhibition — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 9:14 AM

Nazi Persecution of the Disabled: Murder of the “Unfit”

View of the cemetery at the Hadamar Institute, where victims of the Nazi euthanasia program were buried in mass graves. —National Archives and Records Administration, College Park

The Nazi persecution of persons with disabilities in Germany was one component of radical public health policies aimed at excluding hereditarily “unfit” Germans from the national community. These strategies began with forced sterilization and escalated toward mass murder. The most extreme measure, the Euthanasia Program, was in itself a rehearsal for Nazi Germany’s broader genocidal policies.

The ideological justification conceived by medical perpetrators for the destruction of the “unfit” was also applied to other categories of “biological enemies,” most notably to Jews and Roma (Gypsies). Compulsory sterilization and “euthanasia,” like the “Final Solution,” were components of a biomedical vision which imagined a racially and genetically pure and productive society, and embraced unthinkable strategies to eliminate those who did not fit within that vision.

Throughout this Special Focus page and its related links, you will see translations of terms used during the Nazi regime; please note that although many of these terms are unacceptable or offensive today, they are included here as examples of Nazi terminology and the propaganda campaign used to justify mass murder.

Listen to Museum historian

From a 2002 interview with subject matter expert Patricia Heberer:

“…political and medical authorities began to divide their community between its 'fit' and 'unfit' members.” Play audio
“…an idea that human heredity was fixed and immutable.” Play audio
“…the program would be a secret one and at first would target infants and toddlers.” Play audio
“…within hours of her arrival she had perished, in the Hadamar gas chamber, in May 1941.” Play audio
“…the medical community closed rank.” Play audio

AN OPEN SECRET

On July 14, 1933, the German government instituted the “Law for the Prevention of Progeny with Hereditary Diseases.” This law called for the sterilization of all persons who suffered from diseases considered hereditary, including mental illness, learning disabilities, physical deformity, epilepsy, blindness, deafness, and severe alcoholism. With the law’s passage the Third Reich also stepped up its propaganda against the disabled, regularly labeling them “life unworthy of life” or “useless eaters” and highlighting their burden upon society.

The term “euthanasia” (literally, “good death”) usually refers to the inducement of a painless death for a chronically or terminally ill individual. In Nazi usage, however, “euthanasia” referred to the systematic killing of the institutionalized mentally and physically disabled. The secret operation was code-named T4, in reference to the street address (Tiergartenstrasse 4) of the program's coordinating office in Berlin.

Ashes from cremated victims were taken from a common pile and placed in urns without regard for accurate labeling. One urn was sent to each victim's family, along with a death certificate listing a fictive cause and date of death. The sudden death of thousands of institutionalized people, whose death certificates listed strangely similar causes and places of death, raised suspicions. Eventually, the Euthanasia Program became an open secret.

On August 18, 1939, the Reich Ministry of the Interior circulated a decree compelling all physicians, nurses, and midwives to report newborn infants and children under the age of three who showed signs of severe mental or physical disability. At first only infants and toddlers were incorporated in the effort, but eventually juveniles up to 17 years of age were also killed. Conservative estimates suggest that at least 5,000 physically and mentally disabled children were murdered through starvation or lethal overdose of medication.

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Coronavirus-related cyberattacks are booming with more than 2,600 new threats each day
Saturday April 11th, 2020 at 8:29 AM

The Next Web

Coronavirus-related cyberattacks are booming with more than 2,600 new threats each day

Credit: The Conversation

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As the world buckles under the weight of a pandemic, hackers, it seems, are coming out to play. Though cyberattacks, overall, have decreased somewhat during the quarantine and subsequent economic downturn, coronavirus-related malware is booming.

Since mid-February, researchers at Check Point have seen an escalation in the number of these attacks from a few hundred daily, to more than 5,000 on March 28 alone. We’re now seeing more than 2,600 attacks per day on average.

7:27 AM 4/12/2020“More and more people compare it to HIV,” said the doctor who requested not to be named due to the sensitivity of the issue.

Result Filters

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion.

Abstract

Coronavirus could attack immune system like HIV by targeting protective cells, warn scientists

Measuring antibodies in recovered patients

Measuring antibodies in recovered patients

Not everyone developed antibodies

The possibility of reinfection and implications for vaccines

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Nazi Persecution of the Disabled: Murder of the “Unfit”

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AN OPEN SECRET

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